Endocannabinoid system
Endocannabinoid system

The ECS (also known as the endocannabinoid system) is a biological system present in all vertebrates. It modulates physiological functions in the central and autonomic nervous system, the endocrine network, the immune system, the gastrointestinal tract, the reproductive system, in microcirculation, in bones, and other tissues [1]. While we’re starting to get a glimpse of its importance, it was virtually unknown until 1988 [2].
Тhree main parts of the ECS
• Cannabinoid receptors - CB1 and CB2 are found in the central nervous system and in the immune system respectively. These are the receptors that are found in the surface of our cells and act as locks.

• Endogenous cannabinoids - The endogenous cannabinoids (ligands) [6]: AEA (anandamide 20:4, n-6), DEA (anandamide 20:3, n-6), HGLEA (anandamide 22:4, n-6), 2-Ara-Gl, 2-Palm-Gl, 2-Lino-Gl. These are the keys of the system that bind to the cannabinoid receptors.

• Anabolic enzymes - DAG and PLA1 are responsible for the synthesis of the endogenous cannabinoids and catabolic enzymes - FAAH and MGL responsible for the degradation of the same cannabinoids.
Why ECS?

You may think, if ECS is in our bodies, why do scientists define it with a name that comes from cannabis? It’s not like our bodies were specifically designed around one plant. It’s because the first molecules that were investigated and led to the discovery of the ECS came from the cannabis sativa plant. With more discoveries, the name just stuck.

What’s next?

In the last decades, the science around ECS has started to unravel the mystery of this system to help us understand the interactions between phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and other molecular substances. There’s still a lot to learn however. Scientists are finding new receptors (e.g. GPR55, TRPV, etc.), new endocannabinoid ligands, and new phytocannabinoids. The emergence of synthetic cannabinoids (incl. cannabinergic compounds such as aminoalkylindoles) highlights just how many potential molecules may feed into the highly complex system. One thing is clear though, understanding the system gives us a great opportunity to treat disorders and increase overall wellbeing.

Bibliography

1. Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Del Arco I, Bermudez-Silva FJ, Bilbao A, Cippitelli A and Navarro M: The endocannabinoid system: physiology and pharmacology. Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) 40: 2-14, 2005. 

2. Devane WA, Dysarz FA, 3rd, Johnson MR, Melvin LS and Howlett AC: Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Molecular pharmacology 34: 605-613, 1988.